Computers Make the World Smaller and Smarter 2

            The ability of tiny computing devices to control complex operations has transformed the way many tasks are performed, ranging from scientific research to producing consumer products. Tiny 'computers on a chip' are used in medical equipment, home appliances, cars and toys. Workers use handheld computing devices at a customer site, to generate forms, to control inventory, and to serve as desktop organisers.
         Not only is computing equipment getting smaller, it is getting more sophisticated. Computers are part of many machines and devices that once required continual human supervision and control. Today, computers in security systems result in safer environments, computers in cars improve energy efficiency, and computers in phones provide features such as call forwarding, call monitoring, and call answering.
         These smart machines are designed to take over some of the basic tasks previously performed by people; by so doing, they make life a little easier and a little more pleasant. Smart cards store vital information such as health records, drivers' licenses, bank balances, and so on. Smart phones, cars, and appliances with built in computers can be programmed to better meet individual needs. A smart house has a built-in monitoring system that can turn lights on and off, open and close windows, operate the oven, and more.
       With small computing devices available for performing smart tasks like cooking dinner, programming the DVD recorder, and controlling the flow of information in an organization, people are able to spend more time doing what they often do best - being creative. Computers help people work more creatively.
    Multimedia systems known for their educational and entertainment value, which we call 'edutainment'. Multimedia combines text with sound, video, animation, and graphics, which greatly enhances the interaction between user and machine and can make information more interesting and appealing to people. Expert systems software enables computers to 'think' like experts. Medical diagnosis expert systems, for example, can help doctors pinpoint a patient's illness, suggest further tests, and prescribe appropriate drugs.
       Connectivity enables computers and software that might otherwise be incompatible to communicate and to share resources. Now that computers are proliferating in many areas and networks are available for people to access data and communicate with others, personal computers are becoming interpersonal PCs. WIFI is available in many areas in the world now, They have the potential to significantly improve the way we relate to each other. Many people today telecommute -that is, use their computers to stay in touch with the office while they are working at home. With the proper tools, hospital staff can get a diagnosis from a medical expert hundreds or thousands of miles away. Similarly, the disabled can communicate more effectively with others using computers.

      Distance learning and  are concepts made possible with the use of an electronic classroom or boardroom accessible to people in remote locations. Vast databases of information are currently available to users of the Internet, all of whom can send mail messages to each other. The information is superhighway designed to significantly expand this interactive connectivity so that people all over the world will have free access to all these resources.
         People power is critical to ensuring that hardware, software, and connectivity are effectively integrated in a socially responsible way. People - computer users and computer professionals - are the ones who will decide which hardware, software, and networks endure and how great an impact they will have on our lives. Ultimately people power must be exercised to ensure that computers are used not only efficiently but in a socially responsible way.



Tugas 1 Present Participle : 
  1.  it is getting more sophisticated ( Present Participle sebagai verb )
  2.  personal computers are becoming interpersonal PCs ( Present Participle sebagai verb )
  3.   they are working at home ( Present Participle sebagai verb )
  4.  ranging from scientific research to producing consumer products ( Present Participle sebagai Adj )
  5.   controlling the flow of information in an organization ( Present Participle sebagai verb )
  6. With small computing devices available for performing smart tasks like cooking dinner ( Present               Participle sebagai verb dan adj )
  7.   A smart house has a built-in monitoring system that can turn lights on and of


Tugas 2 Appositives :
 
  1. Not only is computing equipment getting smaller, it is getting more sophisticated.
  2. With small computing devices available for performing smart tasks like cooking dinner, programming the       DVD recorder, and controlling the flow of information in an organization, people are able to spend more time doing what they often do best - being creative
  3. Multimedia combines text with sound, video, animation, and graphics, which greatly enhances the interaction between user and machine and can make information more interesting and appealing to people
  4.  WIFI is available in many areas in the world now, They have the potential to significantly improve the way we relate to each other
  5.  These smart machines are designed to take over some of the basic tasks previously performed by people, by so doing, they make life a little easier and a little more pleasant Medical diagnosis expert systems, for example, can help doctors pinpoint a patient's illness, suggest further tests, and prescribe appropriate drugs   
Tugas 3 Present Participle :
  1.  it is getting more sophisticated ( Verb Pasif  )
  2.  personal computers are becoming interpersonal PCs ( Verb Pasif)
  3.   they are working at home ( Verb Pasif )
  4.  ranging from scientific research to producing consumer products ( Verb Active )
  5.  controlling the flow of information in an organization ( Verb Active )
  6.   With small computing devices available for performing smart tasks like cooking dinner ( Verb Active )
  7.  A smart house has a built-in monitoring system that can turn lights on and of ( Verb Pasif )








Tugas 4 Past Participle :
  1.  operations has transformed the way many tasks are performed ( Verb Pasif )
  2.  Tiny 'computers on a chip' are used in medical equipmet ( Verb Pasif )
  3.   devices that once required continual human supervision and control
  4.   These smart machines are designed to take over some of the basic tasks previously performed by people ( Verb Pasif )
  5.  computers can be programmed to better meet individual needs ( Verb Pasif )
  6.  people are able to spend more time doing what they often do best - being creative ( Verb Pasif)
  7.  Multimedia systems known for their educational and entertainment value ( Verb Active)
  8.  Distance learning and  are concepts made possible with the use of an electronic classroom or boardroom accessible to people in remote locations ( Verb Pasif )
  9.  The information is superhighway designed to significantly expand this interactive connectivity ( Verb Pasif)


 


Computers Make the World Smaller and Smarter

         The ability of tiny computing devices to control complex operations has transformed the way many tasks are performed, ranging from scientific research to producing consumer products. Tiny 'computers on a chip' are used in medical equipment, home appliances, cars and toys. Workers use handheld computing devices at a customer site, to generate forms, to control inventory, and to serve as desktop organisers.

         Not only is computing equipment getting smaller, it is getting more sophisticated. Computers are part of many machines and devices that once required continual human supervision and control. Today, computers in security systems result in safer environments, computers in cars improve energy efficiency, and computers in phones provide features such as call forwarding, call monitoring, and call answering.

         These smart machines are designed to take over some of the basic tasks previously performed by people; by so doing, they make life a little easier and a little more pleasant. Smart cards store vital information such as health records, drivers' licenses, bank balances, and so on. Smart phones, cars, and appliances with built in computers can be programmed to better meet individual needs. A smart house has a built-in monitoring system that can turn lights on and off, open and close windows, operate the oven, and more.

       With small computing devices available for performing smart tasks like cooking dinner, programming the DVD recorder, and controlling the flow of information in an organization, people are able to spend more time doing what they often do best - being creative. Computers help people work more creatively.

    Multimedia systems known for their educational and entertainment value, which we call 'edutainment'. Multimedia combines text with sound, video, animation, and graphics, which greatly enhances the interaction between user and machine and can make information more interesting and appealing to people. Expert systems software enables computers to 'think' like experts. Medical diagnosis expert systems, for example, can help doctors pinpoint a patient's illness, suggest further tests, and prescribe appropriate drugs.



       Connectivity enables computers and software that might otherwise be incompatible to communicate and to share resources. Now that computers are proliferating in many areas and networks are available for people to access data and communicate with others, personal computers are becoming interpersonal PCs. WIFI is available in many areas in the world now, They have the potential to significantly improve the way we relate to each other. Many people today telecommute -that is, use their computers to stay in touch with the office while they are working at home. With the proper tools, hospital staff can get a diagnosis from a medical expert hundreds or thousands of miles away. Similarly, the disabled can communicate more effectively with others using computers.


      Distance learning and  are concepts made possible with the use of an electronic classroom or boardroom accessible to people in remote locations. Vast databases of information are currently available to users of the Internet, all of whom can send mail messages to each other. The information is superhighway designed to significantly expand this interactive connectivity so that people all over the world will have free access to all these resources.

         People power is critical to ensuring that hardware, software, and connectivity are effectively integrated in a socially responsible way. People - computer users and computer professionals - are the ones who will decide which hardware, software, and networks endure and how great an impact they will have on our lives. Ultimately people power must be exercised to ensure that computers are used not only efficiently but in a socially responsible way.


Part Of speech
1. Multimedia systems known for their educational and entertainment value 
                 S                           V                               O         
2. Workers use handheld computing devices at a customer site
        S        V                 O                                    Adv
3. WIFI is available in many areas in the world now
       S   V  Adj                   Adv
4. People power is critical    
        S              V     Adj     
5. people power must be exercised
          S                       V
6. Connectivity enables computers and software
          S               V              O
7. They have the potential
      S      V          O
8. Computers help people work more creatively.
            S         V          O               Adv
9. Smart cards store vital information
             S          V          O
10. A smart house has a built-in monitoring system 
              S                   V                   O








Sumber : 
http://www.samos.aegean.gr/english/EnglishforIT/Exercises/IcseReadingComprehensionOnline/icse_specialist_reading_unit_1_ex_B_2.htm




Nama   : Nigina Friskila HiatulMaftuha
NPM    : 26113425
Kelas   : 4KB06

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Kriteria stability yang ditemukan oleh E.J.Routh dan A.Hurwithz merupakan kriteria yang penting dan handal diterapkan
dalam analisa  stabilitas suatu sistem linier. Kriteria Routh-Hurwitz didasarkan pada pengurutan koefisien persamaan karakteristik suatu sistem transfer function G(s) = p(s)/q(s) dengan persamaan karakteristik (Ogata, 2002).

Kriteria Hurwitz dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui instabilitas sistem, tapi tidak cukup untuk memastikan stabilitas sistem. Kriteria Routh-Hurwitz adalah metode yang efektif untuk menguji kestabilan sistem. Kriteria ini juga dapat menunjukkan jumlah pole pada RHP atau pada sumbu.Tes stabilitas yang handal untuk segala bentuk kasus dapat digunakan dalam proses disain untuk memastikan kestabilan sistem, misalnya untuk memantau kapan sistem mulai tidak stabil jika gain terus ditingkatkan.
  • Kestabilan merupakan hal terpenting dalam sistem kendali

linear.

  • Pada kondisi apa sistem menjadi tak stabil, dan bagaimana cara

menstabilkannya.

  • Sistem stabil bila pole-pole loop tertutup terletak disebelah kiri

  • bidang-s

  • Dengan menggunakan kriteria kestabilan Routh, dapat diketahui

jumlah pole loop tertutup yang terletak didaerah tak stabil tanpa perlu mencari solusi persamaan karakteristik A(s)

Fungsi alih loop tertutup :





KRITERIA KESTABILAN ROUTH HURWITZ

  • Kriteria ini menunjukkan adakah akar-akar tak stabil persamaan polinom orde n (n=berhingga) tanpa perlu menyelesaikannya.
  • Untuk sistem kendali, ketabilan mutlak langsung dapat diketahui dari koefisien-koefisien persamaan karaktristik.

PROSEDUR:

1. Tulis persamaan orde-n dalam bentuk sbb:




Dengan koefisien-koefisien : besaran nyata dan a ≠ 0  (akar di titik asal sudah dihilangkan)

2. Bila ada koefisien yang bernilai 0 atau negatif disamping

Dengan koefisien-koefisien : besaran nyata dan a

adanya koefisien positif, maka hal ini menunjukkan ada satu akar atau akar-akar imajiner aatau memiliki bagian real positif

(sistem tak stabil). Kondisi perlu (tetapi belum cukup) untuk stabil adalah semua koefisien persamaan polinom positif dan lengkap.

3. Bila semua koefisien positif, buat tabel Routh sbb:





4. Kriteria kestabilan Routh : banyaknya akar tak stabil = banyaknya perubahan tanda pada kolom pertama tabel Routh.

5. Syarat perlu dan cukup untuk stabil :

• Semua koefisien persamaan karakteristik positif, dan

• Semua suku pada kolom pertama tabel Routh bertanda

positif.

Dengan kriteria Routh-Rouwitz dapat dilakukan pengujian terhadap sistem, yang karakteristik closed-loop-nya telah lulus uji kriteria Hurwitz.

Kriteria Routh-Hurwitz : Jumlah akar polinom karakteristik yang berada pada right-half-plane sama dengan

jumlah perubahan sign pada kolom pertama Routh Array

APLIKASI KRITERIA ROUTH PADA ANALISIS KESTABILAN
• Kriteria Routh tak dapat menjelaskan bagaimana memperbaiki
kestabilan relatif atau bagaimana menstabilkan sistem tak stabil.

• Tetapi dapat digunakan untuk menentukan batas penguatan
suatu sistem agar masih stabil.